3. A central feature of monetary policy strategies in all countries is the use of a nominal variable that monetary policymakers use as an intermediate target to achieve an ultimate goal such as price stability. Such a variable is called a nominal

7. Automated teller machines

6. An instrument developed to help investors and institutions hedge interest -rate risk is

5. Uncertainty about interest-rate movements and returns is called .

4. Financial innovations occur because of financial institutions search for .

3.The Federal Reserve Act required allbanks to become members of the Federal Reserve System, whilebanks could choose to become members of the system.

2.Currency circulated by banks that could be redeemed for gold was called .

1.A major controversy involving the banking industry in its early years was

A
bank failure is less likely to occur when

Competition between banks

The
subprime financial crisis showed the need for increased financial
regulation, however, too much or poorly designed regulation could