6. An instrument developed to help investors and institutions hedge interest -rate risk is

4. Monetary policy is considered time-inconsistent because

3. A central feature of monetary policy strategies in all countries is the use of a nominal variable that monetary policymakers use as an intermediate target to achieve an ultimate goal such as price stability. Such a variable is called a nominal

2.Economists believe that countries recently suffering hyperinflation have experienced

1.The most common definition that monetary policymakers use for price stability is

5. The economic hardship resulting from a financial crises is severe, however, there are also social consequences such as

4. Argentinaʹs financial crisis was due to

3.In emerging market countries, many firms have debt denominated in foreign currency like the dollar or yen. A depreciation of the domestic currency

2.Factors likely to cause a financial crisis in emerging market countries include

1.In emerging market countries, the deterioration in bankʹs balance sheets has more ______ effects on lending and economic activity than in advanced countries.

10. When housing prices began to decline after their peak in 2006, many subprime borrowers found that their mortgages were ʺunderwater.ʺ This meant that