1、Q.( )can be defined as a process of explaining the degree, direction, and persistence of an individual’s efforts to achieve a goal.

A. 　Short-term demand tends to be highly variable.

B. 　Operations are more capital intensive.

C. 　Outputs are more intangible.

D. 　Quality is more difficult to measure.

A. 　managers and workers working side-by-side

B. 　impersonality

C. 　loosely-defined hierarchy of authority

D. 　hiring and promotion based on social status

A. 　mathematical and statistical.

B. 　qualitative and quantitative.

C. 　judgmental and qualitative.

D. 　historical and associative.

A. 　poorly performing project team members will be kept from causing trouble elsewhere.

B. 　no additional costs will be incurred.

C. 　poor project managers will be weeded out.

D. 　resources can perhaps be put to better use elsewhere.

A. 　It is associated with high degree of division of labor which makes employees more difficult to pertain their job identity.

B. 　It is associated with employees’ relatively low autonomy and low discretionary power.

C. 　Decision making processes are centralized.

D. 　It supports organization’s learning capability.

A. 　adds value.

B. 　manages risks.

C. 　reduces costs.

D. 　creates a new opportunity.

A. 　transaction processing system

B. 　management information system

C. 　executive support system

D. 　knowledge management system

A. 　business risk determines the return on assets.

B. 　the cost of equity rises as leverage rises..

C. 　it is completely irrelevant to a firm’s capital structure..

D. 　a firm should borrow money to the point where the tax benefit from debt is equal to the cost of the increased probability of financial distress.

A. 　downsizing.

B. 　outsourcing

C. 　internationalization

D. 　vertical integration

A. 　a production audit

B. 　database marketing

C. 　marketing research

D. 　secondary data