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When I boarded the aircraft, it could be seen from the jetty that there was quite a deposit of snow and ice on the entire span of the wing upper surface. The temperature was probably around freezing, and light snow was falling from time to time. Although on-stand de-icing is the normal procedure at the airport, the engines were started and the aircraft taxied towards the runway holding point. I became more and more worried as it became clear that we are not going to be de-iced before takeoff. We stopped near the runway in queue for departure. I was just about to say something to the cabin crew when the first officer came out of the flight deck and had a look at the wings. I had a quick word with him and said we need to de-ice. Soon after he returned to the flight deck, the captain announced that the aircraft was returning to the stand as he was not happy with the ice on the wing. We departed later after de-icing had been carried out, much to my relief. I think it was very likely that the need to de-ice was made apparent by radio from following aircraft, which prompted the appearance of the co-pilot in the cabin for inspection. I cannot imagine what else would have facilitated this check at this late stage. Whatever it was, I am glad that the last link in the safety chain held on this occasion. 1. What was the author doing on the aircraft?
Surface obscuration caused by fog has troubled navigators on land, sea and in the air ever since travel began – and it is still a serious cause of aircraft accidents. Fog appears to be a non-threatening form of cloud, without turbulence or precipitation (usually), but because it is in contact with the ground surface it seals off ground facilities and mountain passes with little or no warning. Fog dense enough to restrict visibility to a mile or less can form quite rapidly. All fog tends to look alike to pilots, but it is formed and dissipated under a variety of conditions with which airmen should be familiar. Radiation Fog More commonly called ground fog, radiation fog is the result of ground cooling on clear, calm nights. The ground cools the air to the dew point temperature. It is restricted to land areas because water areas do not have much daily variation in temperature. It forms almost exclusively late at night or in the early morning, and usually disappears or burns off within a few hours. Ground fog favors flat land areas – such as airports. Advection Fog This type of fog forms when moist air moves over colder ground or water. Very common along coastal areas, it is called sea fog when occurring at sea. It frequently forms offshore as a result of very cold water from the ocean depths rising to the surface. The fog is then carried inland by the wind. Advection fog results from moist air moving over a cold area. Therefore, in most areas it is more common in the winter than in the summer. Upslope Fog This fog results from moist, stable air being cooled by being moved up a sloping land surface. An upslope wind is necessary for its creation and its continued existence. Steam Fog The movement of cold air over much warmer water causes intense evaporation. This usually adds enough water vapor to the cold air to saturate it, forming steam fog. Steam fog rises from the water surface like smoke, and it is sometimes referred to as sea smoke. Since there is heating from below, turbulence often occurs in this type of fog. Structural icing is also a potential hazard. Precipitation-Induced Fog The addition of moisture to the air through evaporation of rain causes this type of fog. Evaporation can occur while the precipitation is falling through the air, or after it reaches the ground. It is frequently associated with warm fronts.5. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
Surface obscuration caused by fog has troubled navigators on land, sea and in the air ever since travel began – and it is still a serious cause of aircraft accidents. Fog appears to be a non-threatening form of cloud, without turbulence or precipitation (usually), but because it is in contact with the ground surface it seals off ground facilities and mountain passes with little or no warning. Fog dense enough to restrict visibility to a mile or less can form quite rapidly. All fog tends to look alike to pilots, but it is formed and dissipated under a variety of conditions with which airmen should be familiar. Radiation Fog More commonly called ground fog, radiation fog is the result of ground cooling on clear, calm nights. The ground cools the air to the dew point temperature. It is restricted to land areas because water areas do not have much daily variation in temperature. It forms almost exclusively late at night or in the early morning, and usually disappears or burns off within a few hours. Ground fog favors flat land areas – such as airports. Advection Fog This type of fog forms when moist air moves over colder ground or water. Very common along coastal areas, it is called sea fog when occurring at sea. It frequently forms offshore as a result of very cold water from the ocean depths rising to the surface. The fog is then carried inland by the wind. Advection fog results from moist air moving over a cold area. Therefore, in most areas it is more common in the winter than in the summer. Upslope Fog This fog results from moist, stable air being cooled by being moved up a sloping land surface. An upslope wind is necessary for its creation and its continued existence. Steam Fog The movement of cold air over much warmer water causes intense evaporation. This usually adds enough water vapor to the cold air to saturate it, forming steam fog. Steam fog rises from the water surface like smoke, and it is sometimes referred to as sea smoke. Since there is heating from below, turbulence often occurs in this type of fog. Structural icing is also a potential hazard. Precipitation-Induced Fog The addition of moisture to the air through evaporation of rain causes this type of fog. Evaporation can occur while the precipitation is falling through the air, or after it reaches the ground. It is frequently associated with warm fronts.4. What adverse effect does steam fog have to the flight?
Surface obscuration caused by fog has troubled navigators on land, sea and in the air ever since travel began – and it is still a serious cause of aircraft accidents. Fog appears to be a non-threatening form of cloud, without turbulence or precipitation (usually), but because it is in contact with the ground surface it seals off ground facilities and mountain passes with little or no warning. Fog dense enough to restrict visibility to a mile or less can form quite rapidly. All fog tends to look alike to pilots, but it is formed and dissipated under a variety of conditions with which airmen should be familiar. Radiation Fog More commonly called ground fog, radiation fog is the result of ground cooling on clear, calm nights. The ground cools the air to the dew point temperature. It is restricted to land areas because water areas do not have much daily variation in temperature. It forms almost exclusively late at night or in the early morning, and usually disappears or burns off within a few hours. Ground fog favors flat land areas – such as airports. Advection Fog This type of fog forms when moist air moves over colder ground or water. Very common along coastal areas, it is called sea fog when occurring at sea. It frequently forms offshore as a result of very cold water from the ocean depths rising to the surface. The fog is then carried inland by the wind. Advection fog results from moist air moving over a cold area. Therefore, in most areas it is more common in the winter than in the summer. Upslope Fog This fog results from moist, stable air being cooled by being moved up a sloping land surface. An upslope wind is necessary for its creation and its continued existence. Steam Fog The movement of cold air over much warmer water causes intense evaporation. This usually adds enough water vapor to the cold air to saturate it, forming steam fog. Steam fog rises from the water surface like smoke, and it is sometimes referred to as sea smoke. Since there is heating from below, turbulence often occurs in this type of fog. Structural icing is also a potential hazard. Precipitation-Induced Fog The addition of moisture to the air through evaporation of rain causes this type of fog. Evaporation can occur while the precipitation is falling through the air, or after it reaches the ground. It is frequently associated with warm fronts.3. What type of fog is also called sea smoke?
Surface obscuration caused by fog has troubled navigators on land, sea and in the air ever since travel began – and it is still a serious cause of aircraft accidents. Fog appears to be a non-threatening form of cloud, without turbulence or precipitation (usually), but because it is in contact with the ground surface it seals off ground facilities and mountain passes with little or no warning. Fog dense enough to restrict visibility to a mile or less can form quite rapidly. All fog tends to look alike to pilots, but it is formed and dissipated under a variety of conditions with which airmen should be familiar. Radiation Fog More commonly called ground fog, radiation fog is the result of ground cooling on clear, calm nights. The ground cools the air to the dew point temperature. It is restricted to land areas because water areas do not have much daily variation in temperature. It forms almost exclusively late at night or in the early morning, and usually disappears or burns off within a few hours. Ground fog favors flat land areas – such as airports. Advection Fog This type of fog forms when moist air moves over colder ground or water. Very common along coastal areas, it is called sea fog when occurring at sea. It frequently forms offshore as a result of very cold water from the ocean depths rising to the surface. The fog is then carried inland by the wind. Advection fog results from moist air moving over a cold area. Therefore, in most areas it is more common in the winter than in the summer. Upslope Fog This fog results from moist, stable air being cooled by being moved up a sloping land surface. An upslope wind is necessary for its creation and its continued existence. Steam Fog The movement of cold air over much warmer water causes intense evaporation. This usually adds enough water vapor to the cold air to saturate it, forming steam fog. Steam fog rises from the water surface like smoke, and it is sometimes referred to as sea smoke. Since there is heating from below, turbulence often occurs in this type of fog. Structural icing is also a potential hazard. Precipitation-Induced Fog The addition of moisture to the air through evaporation of rain causes this type of fog. Evaporation can occur while the precipitation is falling through the air, or after it reaches the ground. It is frequently associated with warm fronts.2. How does an advection fog form?
Surface obscuration caused by fog has troubled navigators on land, sea and in the air ever since travel began – and it is still a serious cause of aircraft accidents. Fog appears to be a non-threatening form of cloud, without turbulence or precipitation (usually), but because it is in contact with the ground surface it seals off ground facilities and mountain passes with little or no warning. Fog dense enough to restrict visibility to a mile or less can form quite rapidly. All fog tends to look alike to pilots, but it is formed and dissipated under a variety of conditions with which airmen should be familiar. Radiation Fog More commonly called ground fog, radiation fog is the result of ground cooling on clear, calm nights. The ground cools the air to the dew point temperature. It is restricted to land areas because water areas do not have much daily variation in temperature. It forms almost exclusively late at night or in the early morning, and usually disappears or burns off within a few hours. Ground fog favors flat land areas – such as airports. Advection Fog This type of fog forms when moist air moves over colder ground or water. Very common along coastal areas, it is called sea fog when occurring at sea. It frequently forms offshore as a result of very cold water from the ocean depths rising to the surface. The fog is then carried inland by the wind. Advection fog results from moist air moving over a cold area. Therefore, in most areas it is more common in the winter than in the summer. Upslope Fog This fog results from moist, stable air being cooled by being moved up a sloping land surface. An upslope wind is necessary for its creation and its continued existence. Steam Fog The movement of cold air over much warmer water causes intense evaporation. This usually adds enough water vapor to the cold air to saturate it, forming steam fog. Steam fog rises from the water surface like smoke, and it is sometimes referred to as sea smoke. Since there is heating from below, turbulence often occurs in this type of fog. Structural icing is also a potential hazard. Precipitation-Induced Fog The addition of moisture to the air through evaporation of rain causes this type of fog. Evaporation can occur while the precipitation is falling through the air, or after it reaches the ground. It is frequently associated with warm fronts.1. How many types of fog are stated in the passage?
BOSTON -- An Aer Lingus Airbus with 260 passengers on board almost collided with a U.S. Airways jet taking off from Boston＇s Logan Airport. The near collision, which was avoided by a pilot＇s quick thinking, is now under investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Administration. The near miss occurred on June 9, 1995 after both jets had been wrongly cleared for near-simultaneous takeoff at intersecting runways. The Shannon-bound Aer Lingus plane, which had twelve crewmembers on board in addition to the passengers, had just taken off as the U.S. Airways plane was heading down the other runway and about to do the same. The difference between the near miss and what would have been a disastrous collision was only a few seconds. The U.S. Airways plane, a Boeing 737, was bound for Philadelphia with 103 passengers and six crewmembers. Investigators immediately pointed to an operational error by air traffic controllers as the cause of the incident. The closest that the two aircraft came to each other was estimated as 200 feet. Pilots must file a near miss report if planes come to within 500 feet of each other. The Boston Globe reported that the Aer Lingus pilot had filed such a report. The newspaper quoted a Logan air traffic controller as describing the distance between the two planes as being exceptionally close. The source also stated that the control tower was two employees short on the evening of the incident. The Aer Lingus plane was cleared for takeoff on Logan＇s Runway 15R. According to the NTSB, the U.S. Airways Boeing was then cleared on the intersecting Runway 9. The time lapse between the clearances, which were given by separate controllers, was just five seconds. With the Aer Lingus plane gathering speed for takeoff, the U.S. Airways 737 began its acceleration. The NTSB report stated that the Aer Lingus pilot had reported V1. According to the preliminary report, the co-pilot noticed the Aer Lingus A330 rotating just prior to the intersection of runways 15R and 9. The U.S. Airways co-pilot told his captain to keep it down and pushed the control column forward to ensure that the Boeing stayed on the ground. He later stated to the NTSB: The Airbus passed overhead with very little separation and once cleared of the intersection our captain rotated, and we lifted off towards the end of the runway. I reported to departure control that we had a near miss at which time Aer Lingus reported ＇we concur.＇ A statement from Aer Lingus, issued from its North American headquarters on Long Island, said that after take-off the Aer Lingus flight crew had contacted Logan tower to report the close proximity of a second aircraft. Following strict guidelines, the Aer Lingus Safety Unit in Ireland had then reported the incident to Irish Aviation authorities and the National Transportation Safety Board in the U.S. FAA spokesman Jim Peters said that there have been seven runway incursions so far this year at Logan Airport, with the June 9 incident being by far the most serious. An incursion involves the improper entry of a vehicle, worker or other aircraft onto a runway that has been cleared by a controller for take-off or landing. Only two of the seven incursions involved operational error by an air traffic controller, with most coming from pilot deviation, Peters said. Peters confirmed that the two air traffic controllers who had simultaneously directed the Aer Lingus and U.S. Airways planes down intersecting runways were now receiving corrective action by the FAA. They are being de-certified until a retraining plan has been implemented, he said. They have been relieved of any local control positions while they are undergoing the retraining, but they do continue to work in other positions in the tower. Peters said that it is unlikely that the controllers would be fired under these circumstances. Under the labor agreement, loss of jobs could be an outcome if there were several such incidents involving operational error, he said. The National Transportation Safety Board is expected to issue a final report in several months. The report will examine in detail the causes of the near-collision.5. The most suitable title for this passage can be（ ）.
BOSTON -- An Aer Lingus Airbus with 260 passengers on board almost collided with a U.S. Airways jet taking off from Boston＇s Logan Airport. The near collision, which was avoided by a pilot＇s quick thinking, is now under investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Administration. The near miss occurred on June 9, 1995 after both jets had been wrongly cleared for near-simultaneous takeoff at intersecting runways. The Shannon-bound Aer Lingus plane, which had twelve crewmembers on board in addition to the passengers, had just taken off as the U.S. Airways plane was heading down the other runway and about to do the same. The difference between the near miss and what would have been a disastrous collision was only a few seconds. The U.S. Airways plane, a Boeing 737, was bound for Philadelphia with 103 passengers and six crewmembers. Investigators immediately pointed to an operational error by air traffic controllers as the cause of the incident. The closest that the two aircraft came to each other was estimated as 200 feet. Pilots must file a near miss report if planes come to within 500 feet of each other. The Boston Globe reported that the Aer Lingus pilot had filed such a report. The newspaper quoted a Logan air traffic controller as describing the distance between the two planes as being exceptionally close. The source also stated that the control tower was two employees short on the evening of the incident. The Aer Lingus plane was cleared for takeoff on Logan＇s Runway 15R. According to the NTSB, the U.S. Airways Boeing was then cleared on the intersecting Runway 9. The time lapse between the clearances, which were given by separate controllers, was just five seconds. With the Aer Lingus plane gathering speed for takeoff, the U.S. Airways 737 began its acceleration. The NTSB report stated that the Aer Lingus pilot had reported V1. According to the preliminary report, the co-pilot noticed the Aer Lingus A330 rotating just prior to the intersection of runways 15R and 9. The U.S. Airways co-pilot told his captain to keep it down and pushed the control column forward to ensure that the Boeing stayed on the ground. He later stated to the NTSB: The Airbus passed overhead with very little separation and once cleared of the intersection our captain rotated, and we lifted off towards the end of the runway. I reported to departure control that we had a near miss at which time Aer Lingus reported ＇we concur.＇ A statement from Aer Lingus, issued from its North American headquarters on Long Island, said that after take-off the Aer Lingus flight crew had contacted Logan tower to report the close proximity of a second aircraft. Following strict guidelines, the Aer Lingus Safety Unit in Ireland had then reported the incident to Irish Aviation authorities and the National Transportation Safety Board in the U.S. FAA spokesman Jim Peters said that there have been seven runway incursions so far this year at Logan Airport, with the June 9 incident being by far the most serious. An incursion involves the improper entry of a vehicle, worker or other aircraft onto a runway that has been cleared by a controller for take-off or landing. Only two of the seven incursions involved operational error by an air traffic controller, with most coming from pilot deviation, Peters said. Peters confirmed that the two air traffic controllers who had simultaneously directed the Aer Lingus and U.S. Airways planes down intersecting runways were now receiving corrective action by the FAA. They are being de-certified until a retraining plan has been implemented, he said. They have been relieved of any local control positions while they are undergoing the retraining, but they do continue to work in other positions in the tower. Peters said that it is unlikely that the controllers would be fired under these circumstances. Under the labor agreement, loss of jobs could be an outcome if there were several such incidents involving operational error, he said. The National Transportation Safety Board is expected to issue a final report in several months. The report will examine in detail the causes of the near-collision.4. Which of the following is true according to Peters’ statement?
BOSTON -- An Aer Lingus Airbus with 260 passengers on board almost collided with a U.S. Airways jet taking off from Boston＇s Logan Airport. The near collision, which was avoided by a pilot＇s quick thinking, is now under investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Administration. The near miss occurred on June 9, 1995 after both jets had been wrongly cleared for near-simultaneous takeoff at intersecting runways. The Shannon-bound Aer Lingus plane, which had twelve crewmembers on board in addition to the passengers, had just taken off as the U.S. Airways plane was heading down the other runway and about to do the same. The difference between the near miss and what would have been a disastrous collision was only a few seconds. The U.S. Airways plane, a Boeing 737, was bound for Philadelphia with 103 passengers and six crewmembers. Investigators immediately pointed to an operational error by air traffic controllers as the cause of the incident. The closest that the two aircraft came to each other was estimated as 200 feet. Pilots must file a near miss report if planes come to within 500 feet of each other. The Boston Globe reported that the Aer Lingus pilot had filed such a report. The newspaper quoted a Logan air traffic controller as describing the distance between the two planes as being exceptionally close. The source also stated that the control tower was two employees short on the evening of the incident. The Aer Lingus plane was cleared for takeoff on Logan＇s Runway 15R. According to the NTSB, the U.S. Airways Boeing was then cleared on the intersecting Runway 9. The time lapse between the clearances, which were given by separate controllers, was just five seconds. With the Aer Lingus plane gathering speed for takeoff, the U.S. Airways 737 began its acceleration. The NTSB report stated that the Aer Lingus pilot had reported V1. According to the preliminary report, the co-pilot noticed the Aer Lingus A330 rotating just prior to the intersection of runways 15R and 9. The U.S. Airways co-pilot told his captain to keep it down and pushed the control column forward to ensure that the Boeing stayed on the ground. He later stated to the NTSB: The Airbus passed overhead with very little separation and once cleared of the intersection our captain rotated, and we lifted off towards the end of the runway. I reported to departure control that we had a near miss at which time Aer Lingus reported ＇we concur.＇ A statement from Aer Lingus, issued from its North American headquarters on Long Island, said that after take-off the Aer Lingus flight crew had contacted Logan tower to report the close proximity of a second aircraft. Following strict guidelines, the Aer Lingus Safety Unit in Ireland had then reported the incident to Irish Aviation authorities and the National Transportation Safety Board in the U.S. FAA spokesman Jim Peters said that there have been seven runway incursions so far this year at Logan Airport, with the June 9 incident being by far the most serious. An incursion involves the improper entry of a vehicle, worker or other aircraft onto a runway that has been cleared by a controller for take-off or landing. Only two of the seven incursions involved operational error by an air traffic controller, with most coming from pilot deviation, Peters said. Peters confirmed that the two air traffic controllers who had simultaneously directed the Aer Lingus and U.S. Airways planes down intersecting runways were now receiving corrective action by the FAA. They are being de-certified until a retraining plan has been implemented, he said. They have been relieved of any local control positions while they are undergoing the retraining, but they do continue to work in other positions in the tower. Peters said that it is unlikely that the controllers would be fired under these circumstances. Under the labor agreement, loss of jobs could be an outcome if there were several such incidents involving operational error, he said. The National Transportation Safety Board is expected to issue a final report in several months. The report will examine in detail the causes of the near-collision.3. How many runway incursions occurred before June 9 in 1995 at Logan airport?
BOSTON -- An Aer Lingus Airbus with 260 passengers on board almost collided with a U.S. Airways jet taking off from Boston＇s Logan Airport. The near collision, which was avoided by a pilot＇s quick thinking, is now under investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Administration. The near miss occurred on June 9, 1995 after both jets had been wrongly cleared for near-simultaneous takeoff at intersecting runways. The Shannon-bound Aer Lingus plane, which had twelve crewmembers on board in addition to the passengers, had just taken off as the U.S. Airways plane was heading down the other runway and about to do the same. The difference between the near miss and what would have been a disastrous collision was only a few seconds. The U.S. Airways plane, a Boeing 737, was bound for Philadelphia with 103 passengers and six crewmembers. Investigators immediately pointed to an operational error by air traffic controllers as the cause of the incident. The closest that the two aircraft came to each other was estimated as 200 feet. Pilots must file a near miss report if planes come to within 500 feet of each other. The Boston Globe reported that the Aer Lingus pilot had filed such a report. The newspaper quoted a Logan air traffic controller as describing the distance between the two planes as being exceptionally close. The source also stated that the control tower was two employees short on the evening of the incident. The Aer Lingus plane was cleared for takeoff on Logan＇s Runway 15R. According to the NTSB, the U.S. Airways Boeing was then cleared on the intersecting Runway 9. The time lapse between the clearances, which were given by separate controllers, was just five seconds. With the Aer Lingus plane gathering speed for takeoff, the U.S. Airways 737 began its acceleration. The NTSB report stated that the Aer Lingus pilot had reported V1. According to the preliminary report, the co-pilot noticed the Aer Lingus A330 rotating just prior to the intersection of runways 15R and 9. The U.S. Airways co-pilot told his captain to keep it down and pushed the control column forward to ensure that the Boeing stayed on the ground. He later stated to the NTSB: The Airbus passed overhead with very little separation and once cleared of the intersection our captain rotated, and we lifted off towards the end of the runway. I reported to departure control that we had a near miss at which time Aer Lingus reported ＇we concur.＇ A statement from Aer Lingus, issued from its North American headquarters on Long Island, said that after take-off the Aer Lingus flight crew had contacted Logan tower to report the close proximity of a second aircraft. Following strict guidelines, the Aer Lingus Safety Unit in Ireland had then reported the incident to Irish Aviation authorities and the National Transportation Safety Board in the U.S. FAA spokesman Jim Peters said that there have been seven runway incursions so far this year at Logan Airport, with the June 9 incident being by far the most serious. An incursion involves the improper entry of a vehicle, worker or other aircraft onto a runway that has been cleared by a controller for take-off or landing. Only two of the seven incursions involved operational error by an air traffic controller, with most coming from pilot deviation, Peters said. Peters confirmed that the two air traffic controllers who had simultaneously directed the Aer Lingus and U.S. Airways planes down intersecting runways were now receiving corrective action by the FAA. They are being de-certified until a retraining plan has been implemented, he said. They have been relieved of any local control positions while they are undergoing the retraining, but they do continue to work in other positions in the tower. Peters said that it is unlikely that the controllers would be fired under these circumstances. Under the labor agreement, loss of jobs could be an outcome if there were several such incidents involving operational error, he said. The National Transportation Safety Board is expected to issue a final report in several months. The report will examine in detail the causes of the near-collision.2. Why did the controllers commit an operation error?
